Understanding Blood Pressure (BP): A Complete Guide

What is Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure (BP) is the force that circulating blood exerts against the walls of your arteries, which are the major blood vessels in your body.health indicators and a significant indicator of cardiovascular health.

Two numbers are used to record BP, which is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Systolic pressure, or the highest number, is the pressure experienced when the heart pumps blood. The heart experiences the lowest pressure, diastolic pressure, when it is at rest between beats.

120/80 mmHg

120 = Systolic

80 = Diastolic

Types of Blood Pressure Conditions

1. Normal BP

Range: Below 120/80 mmHg

This range indicates a healthy cardiovascular system.

2. Elevated BP

Range: 120-129 systolic and less than 80 diastolic

Not yet high blood pressure, but a warning sign.

3. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Stage 1:

130-139 / 80-89 mmHg

Stage 2:

140+ / 90+ mmHg

Hypertensive Crisis:

180+ / 120+ mmHg

Medical emergency requiring immediate care.

4. Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure)

Below 90/60 mmHg

May cause dizziness, fainting, and organ damage in severe cases.

Causes of Abnormal Blood Pressure
High BP (Hypertension) Causes:
Obesity

High salt intake

Lack of physical activity

Chronic stress

Genetics

Smoking and alcohol

Kidney disease

Hormonal disorders (e.g., thyroid, adrenal)

Low BP (Hypotension) Causes:

Dehydration

Blood loss

Heart problems

Endocrine disorders

Severe infection (septicemia)

Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., B12, folate)

Symptoms of Abnormal BP

Hypertension Symptoms (often called the “silent killer”):

Headaches

Blurred vision

Nosebleeds

Shortness of breath

Fatigue

Often asymptomatic in early stages

Hypotension Symptoms:
Lightheadedness

Dizziness

Fainting

Blurred vision

Cold, clammy skin

Rapid, shallow breathing

Risks of Uncontrolled BP

High Blood Pressure Complications:

Heart attack

Stroke

Heart failure

Kidney damage

Vision loss

Aneurysms

Cognitive decline (vascular dementia)

Low Blood Pressure Complications:
Falls and injury (due to fainting)

Shock

Organ failure (in extreme cases)

How to Monitor Blood Pressure

Use a digital blood pressure monitor at home.

Rest quietly for 5 minutes before measuring.

Sit straight up, cross your legs, and raise one arm above your heart.

Management and Treatment
For High BP:
Lifestyle Changes:

Reduce salt intake

Follow a DASH diet that emphasizes whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

Regular exercise (30 mins/day)

Quit smoking and alcohol

Manage stress (yoga, meditation)
Medications:

Diuretics

ACE inhibitors

Beta-blockers

Calcium channel blockers

ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers)

For Low BP:

Drink more fluids

Add more salt (only under doctor’s advice)

Wear compression stockings

Small, frequent meals

Avoid standing quickly

When to See a Doctor

Persistent BP over 130/80 or under 90/60

Symptoms like chest pain, fainting, or confusion

During pregnancy (pre-eclampsia risk)

If BP readings change suddenly

Conclusion

Blood pressure is a silent, yet powerful indicator of overall health. Whether too high or too low, it requires careful attention. Regular monitoring, healthy lifestyle choices, and early intervention can help maintain a balanced BP and prevent life-threatening complications.